Re-membering the politics of affective-empathic approaches towards the Holocaust: from identification to (mis)appropriation

  1. María Jesús Fernández Gil 1
  1. 1 Universidad de Alcalá
    info

    Universidad de Alcalá

    Alcalá de Henares, España

    ROR https://ror.org/04pmn0e78

Revista:
Oceánide

ISSN: 1989-6328

Año de publicación: 2018

Número: 10

Tipo: Artículo

DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

Otras publicaciones en: Oceánide

Resumen

Utilizando como referente la aritmética narrativa de la que se vale el United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, este artículo se centra en los procesos de re-articulación a los que ha estado sujeta la memoria del Holocausto, para lo cual se incide en el papel que ha desempeñado la americanización del Holocausto, pero también otros procesos más recientes de (re)escritura. Se prestará especial atención a los usos que alientan, por medio de la analogía, un acercamiento afectivo y empático al sufrimiento del Otro. Estas (re)escrituras, promovidas por las interacciones que caracterizan diversos aspectos de la vida contemporánea, evocan el recuerdo del genocidio nazi como pretexto para que los grupos victimizados reclamen reconocimiento por el sufrimiento al que han estado expuestos e interpretan, con una maniobra a la que William F. S. Miles se ha referido como “nativización intelectual”, el pasado a la luz de la experiencia histórica del Holocausto. Ese es precisamente el proceso al que recurre Caryl Philipps en The Nature of Blood, donde propone una respuesta al Holocausto mediada por los tropos y las figuras que definen la época postcolonial. Al hilo de las acusaciones de apropiación del Holocausto surgidas con motivo de estos enfoques basados en la identificación, el artículo reflexiona también sobre las cuestiones que suscita la transformación del Holocausto en un paradigma de moralidad abierto.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • BATHRICK, D., B. PRAGER, and M. D. RICHARDSON (eds.). (2008). Visualizing the Holocaust: Documents, Aesthetics, Memory. Rochester, NY: Camden House.
  • BERENBAUM, M. (1986). “The Nativization of the Holocaust”. Judaism: A Quarterly Journal of Jewish Life and Thought 35 (4): 447-57.
  • BERENBAUM, M. (1987). “The Americanization of the Holocaust”. In Bitburg and Beyond: Encounters in American, German, and Jewish History, I. LEVKOV (ed.). New York: Sure Sellers.
  • BERENBAUM, M. (2008). After Tragedy and Triumph: Essays in Modern Jewish Thought and the American Experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • BLOXHAM, D., and M. A. DIRK (2010). The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. Oxford: Oxford UP.
  • BOURMANS, M. and J. DAVIS (2010). Eco- nomic Methodology: Understanding Economics as a Science. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • BRECHT, B. (1964). Brecht on Theatre. Trans. J. WILLETT. London: Methuen.
  • BURG, A. (2008). The Holocaust Is Over: We Must Rise from Its Ashes. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • CARUTH, C. (ed.). (1995). Trauma Explorations in Memory. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
  • CLINTON, H. (2014). “Hillary Clinton Compares Vladimir Putin’s Actions in Ukraine to Adolf Hitler’s in Nazi Germany”. Long Beach Press Telegram. http://www.presstelegram.com/general-news/20140304/hil- lary-clinton-compares-vladimir-putinsactions-in-ukraine-to-adolf-hitlers-innazi-germany. (Last accessed: 28 Oct 2014).
  • COETZEE, J. M. (2007). Diary of a Bad Year. London: Harvill Secker.
  • COLE, T. (2000). Selling the Holocaust: From Auschwitz to Schindler. How History Is Bought, Packaged, and Sold. New York: Routledge.
  • COETZEE, J. M. (2004). “Nativization and Nationalization: A Comparative Landscape Study of Holocaust Museums in Israel, the US and the UK”. Journal of Israeli History 23 (1): 130-45.
  • COOMBES, A. E. (2003). History after Apartheid: Visual Culture and Public Memory in a Democratic South Africa. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.
  • CRAPS, S. (2008). “Linking Legacies of Loss: Traumatic Histories and Cross-Cultural Empathy in Caryl Philipps’s Higher Ground and The Nature of Blood”. Studies in the Novel 40 (1-2): 191-202.
  • CRAPS, S. (2013). Postcolonial Witnessing: Trauma Out of Bounds. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • CROWNSHAW, R. (2010). The Afterlife of Holocaust Memory in Contemporary Literature and Culture. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • DECRANE, S. M. (2004). Aquinas, Feminism, and the Common Good. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown UP.
  • DONESON, J. E. (1987). The Holocaust in American Film. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society.
  • FRANKLIN, R. (2004). “Identity Theft: True Memory, False Memory, and the Holocaust”. The New Republic: 31-37.
  • GIDDENS, A. (1990). The Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • GOVIER, T. (2015). Victims and Victimhood. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press.
  • HECKNER, E. (2008). “Whose Trauma Is It? Identification and Secondary Witness- ing in the Age of Postmemory”. In Visualizing the Holocaust: Documents, Aesthetics, Memory, D. BATHRICK, B. PRAGER and M. D. RICHARDSON (eds.). Rochester, NY: Camden House, 62-85.
  • HERMAN, M. (2008). The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas. United States: Miramax.
  • HIRSCHBIEGEL, O. (2004). Der Unter- gang. Germany: Constantin Film Produktion. USHMM. (n.d.). “Identification Cards”. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. https://www.ushmm.org/remember/idcards. (Last accessed: 30 Aug 2015).
  • HIRSCHBIEGEL, O. (n.d.). “Holocaust”. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. https:// w w w.u s h m m.o r g /w l c /e n /a r t i c l e . php?ModuleId=10005143. (Last accessed: 30 Aug 2015).
  • HUNGERFORD, A. (2003). The Holocaust of Texts: Genocide, Literature, and Personification. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
  • HUTTENBACH, H. R. (2004). “Defining Genocide: Issues and Resolutions”. In Teaching about Genocide: Issues, Approaches, and Resources, S. TOTTEN (ed.). Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing, 75-92.
  • KONTOROVICH, E. (2004). “The Piracy Analogy: Modern Universal Jurisdiction’s Hollow Foundation”. Harvard International Law Journal 45 (1): 183-237.
  • LACAPRA, D. (2004). History in Transit: Experience, Identity, Critical Theory. New York: Cornell University Press.
  • LANG, B. (1999). The Future of the Holocaust: Between History and Memory. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • LANZMANN, C. (1995). “The Obscenity of Understanding: An Evening with Claude Lanzmann”. In Trauma: Explorations in Memory, C. CARUTH (ed.). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins, 99-120.
  • LEVINAS, E. (1961). Totalité et infini. Essai sur l’exteriorité. La Haye: Nijhoff.
  • LEVY, D. and N. SZNAIDER (2006). The Holocaust and Memory in the Global Age. Trans. A. OKSILOFF. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
  • LYOTARD, J. (1998). The Differend: Phrases in Dispute. Trans. G. ABBEELE. Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press.
  • MANTEL, H. (1997). “Black is not Jewish”. Literary Review: 140.
  • MAXSON, H. F. (2014). “Empathy and Metaphor: The Critique and Embrace of Essentialist Thought in Caryl Philipps’s Cambridge”. In Constructing the Liter- ary Self: Race and Gender in TwentiethCentury Literature, P. J. DANIELS (ed.). Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 3-22.
  • NOVICK, P. (2000). The Holocaust in American Life. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Co.
  • PATRAKA, V. (1999). Spectacular Suffering: Theatre, Fascism, and the Holocaust. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • PEIRES, J. (2008). The Holocaust and Apartheid: A Comparison of Human Rights Abuses. Cape Town: Kadimah Trading Corporation.
  • PETERSEN, T. (2010). “Moving beyond the Toolbox: Teaching the Holocaust in PostApartheid South Africa”. Intercultural Education 21: 27-33.
  • PHILIPPS, C. (1992) [1987]. The European Tribe. Boston and London: Farber & Farber.
  • PHILIPPS, C. (1997). The Nature of Blood. London: Farber & Farber.
  • RAKHMAN, L. (1961). “Vi Aykhman firt zikh oyf in gerikht [How Eichmann Behaves during the Trial]”. Jewish Daily Forward.
  • RAPHAEL, M. (2003). The Female Face of God in Auschwitz: A Jewish Feminist Theology of the Holocaust. London and New York: Routledge.
  • ROMAIN, G. (2013). Connecting Histories: A Comparative Exploration of African-Caribean and Jewish History and Memory in Modern Britain. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • ROSENFELD, A. H. (1997). “The Americanization of the Holocaust”. In Thinking about the Holocaust after Half a Century, A. H. ROSENFELD (ed.). Bloomington: Indiana UP, 119-50.
  • ROSENFELD, G. D. (2015). Hi Hitler! How the Nazi Past Is Being Normalized in Contemporary Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • ROTHBERG, M. (2009). Multidirectional Memory: Remembering the Holocaust in the Age of Decolonization. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • SHANDLER, J. (2001). “The Man in the Glass Box: Watching the Eichmann Trial on American Television”. In Visual Culture and the Holocaust, B. ZELIZER (ed.). New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 91-110.
  • SHANDLER, J. (2009). Jews, Gods, and Videotape: Religion and Media in America. New York and London: New York University Press.
  • SMITH, H. W. (2002). The Holocaust and Other Genocides: History, Representation, Ethics. Nashville TN: Vanderbilt University Press.
  • SONTAG, S. (1966). Against Interpretation and Other Essays. New York: Delta.
  • SPIELBERG, S. (1993). Schindler’s List. United States: Universal Pictures.
  • STANNARD, D. E. (1992). The American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
  • STANNARD, D. E. (1996). “Uniqueness as Denial: The Politics of Genocide Scholarship”. In Perspectives in Comparative Genocide, A. ROSENBAUM (ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 163-208.
  • WIESEL, E. (1990). From the Kingdom of Memory: Reminiscences. New York: Summit Books.
  • WILKOMIRSKI, B. (1996). Fragments: Memories of a Wartime Childhood. New York: Schocken Books.
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet