Diferencias de género en percepciones sobre violencia sexual, igualdad y agresiones sexuales facilitadas por drogas en ocio nocturno

  1. Pablo Prego-Meleiro 1
  2. Gemma Montalvo 1
  3. Carmen García-Ruiz 1
  4. Fernando Ortega-Ojeda 1
  5. Isabel Ruiz-Pérez 2
  6. Luis Sordo 3
  1. 1 Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, España
  2. 2 Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP), Granada, España
  3. 3 CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, España.
Show affiliations +
Journal:
Adicciones: Revista de socidrogalcohol

ISSN: 0214-4840

Year of publication: 2022

Volume: 34

Issue: 4

Pages: 285-297

Type: Article

DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openOpen access editor

More publications in: Adicciones: Revista de socidrogalcohol

Abstract

Sexual violence, including drug-facilitated sexual assaults, is a serious issue that is becoming increasingly common in leisure nightlife contexts. This study provides information about the attitudes and perceptions of Spanish youths towards sexual violence within that setting. The participants were recruited by a snowball sampling scheme. A bivariate analysis was performed to identify possible sociodemographic and nightlife recreational habit factors related to gender. The statistical significance of the differences between the studied variables was assessed using the chi-squared and Fisher’s exact tests. Women perceived a low level of personal security, as well as the existence of social perceptions penalizing female more than male drug use, and blaming women for the sexual violence they suffer. Women also recognised less explicit violent behaviours as violence significantly more than men did. Men were more willing to have sexual intercourse with someone unable to express consent because of drugs. In addition, they believed more strongly that sexual assaults take place because of the victim’s use of alcohol or other drugs. In a leisure nightlife context, women are prone to perceive a lack of social support for themselves and the feeling of impunity for the perpetrators. Furthermore, numerous misconceptions surround drug- facilitated sexual assaults, with the majority of respondents believing that assaults happen after the surreptitious administration of substances to the victim by an unknown assailant. Moreover, the involvement of alcohol was underestimated. Our findings are useful for designing prevention efforts, demystifying the drug-facilitated sexual assaults and enhancing social support for victims

Bibliographic References

  • Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. (2007). Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault. London, United Kingdom: Author. 18 p. Retrieved at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/119111/ACMDDFSA.pdf.
  • Anderson, L. J., Flynn, A. & Pilgrim, J. L. (2017). A global epidemiological perspective on the toxicology of drug-facilitated sexual assault: A systematic review. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 47, 46-54. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2017.02.005.
  • Benson, D., Charlton, C. & Goodhart, F. (1992). Acquaintance rape on campus: A literature review. Journal of American College Health, 40, 157-165. doi:10.1080/07448481.1992.9936277.
  • Bird, E. R., Gilmore, A. K., George, W. & Lewis, M. A. (2015). The role of social drinking factors in the relationship between incapacitated sexual assault and drinking before sexual activity. Addictive Behaviors, 52, 28-33. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.08.001.
  • Bondurant, B. (2001). University women’s acknowledgment of rape: Individual, situational, and social factors. Violence Against Women, 7, 294-314. doi:10.1177/1077801201007003004.
  • Bradshaw, C., Kahn, A. & Saville, B. (2010). To hook up or date: Which gender benefits? Sex Roles, 62, 661-669. doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9765-7.
  • Burt, M. R. (1980). Cultural myths and supports for rape. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 217-230. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.38.2.217.
  • Calafat, A., Bohrn, K., Juan, M., Kokkevi, A., Maalsté, N., Mendes, F.,… Zavatti, P. (1999). Nightlife in Europe and Recreative Drug Use. Valencia, Spain: IREFREA. 242p. Retrieved at http://www.irefrea.eu/uploads/PDF/Calafat%20et%20al_1999_SONAR%2098.pdf.
  • Calafat, A., Fernandez, C. F., Juan M., Bellis M., Bohrn K., Hakkarainen P.,… Zavatti, P. (2003). Enjoying the nightlife in Europe: The role of moderation. Palma de Mallorca, Spain: IREFREA. 373 p. Retrieved at https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3578/e10b306fbabf1741d9b4dec6dd1ad3d917a9.pdf?_ga=2.22419698.859655376.1572901750-334181427.1569319826.
  • Calafat, A., Juan, M., Becona, E., Mantecon, A. & Ramon, A. (2009). Sexualidad de riesgo y consumo de drogas en el contexto recreativo. Una perspectiva de género. Psicothema, 21, 227-233.
  • Carey, K. B., Durney, S. E., Shepardson, R. L. & Carey, M. P. (2015). Incapacitated and forcible rape of college women: Prevalence across the first year. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56, 678-680. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.02.018.
  • Cortés Tomás, M., Espejo Tort, B. E., Martín del Río, B. & Gómez Iñíguez, C. (2010). Different typologies of alcohol consumers in the practice of the “botellon” in three Spanish cities. Psicothema, 22, 363. Retrieved at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20667261.
  • European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. (2014). Violence against women: An EU-wide survey. Results at a glance. Vienna, Austria: Author. 44p. Retrieved at https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra-2014-vaw-survey-at-a-glance-oct14_en.pdf.
  • Fisher, B. S., Daigle, L. E., Cullen, F. T. & Turner, M. G. (2003). Reporting sexual victimization to the police and others: results from a national-level study of college women. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 30, 6-38. doi:10.1177/0093854802239161.
  • Folgar, M. I., Rivera, F. F., Sierra, J. C. & Vallejo-Medina, P. (2015). Binge drinking: Conductas sexuales de riesgo y drogas facilitadoras del asalto sexual en jóvenes españoles. Suma Psicológica, 22, 1-8. doi:10.1016/j.sumpsi.2015.05.001.
  • Galtung, J. (1990). Cultural violence. Journal of Peace Research, 27, 291-305. Retrieved at https://www.galtung-institut.de/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Cultural-Violence-Galtung.pdf.
  • García-Caballero, C., Quintela-Jorge, O. & Cruz-Landeira, A. (2017). Alleged drug-facilitated sexual assault in a Spanish population sample. Forensic Chemistry, 4, 61-66. doi:10.1016/j.forc.2017.02.009.
  • Gilbert, J. & Pearson, E. (2003). Cultura y políticas de la música dance: Disco, hip-hop, house, techno, drum’n’bass y garage. Barcelona: Paidós.
  • Gomila, M., Puiguriguer, F. & Quesada, R. (2016). Drug facilitated crime using burundanga: First analytical confirmation in Spain. Medicina Clínica, 147, 421. doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2016.06.025.
  • Government Delegation against Gender Violence. (2015). Macroencuesta de violencia contra la mujer 2015. Madrid, Spain: Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality. 468 p. Retrieved at http://www.violenciagenero.igualdad.mpr.gob.es/violenciaEnCifras/estudios/colecciones/pdf/Libro_22_Macroencuesta2015.pdf.
  • Government Delegation against Gender Violence. (2018). Percepción social de la violencia sexual. Madrid, Spain: Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality. 135 p. Retrieved at http://www.violenciagenero.igualdad.mpr.gob.es/violenciaEnCifras/estudios/colecciones/estudio/Libro25_Violencia_Sexual.htm.
  • Government Delegation for National Plan on Drugs. (2018). Encuesta sobre alcohol y otras drogas en españa (EDADES) (1995-2017). Madrid, Spain: Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality. 137 p. Retrieved at http://www.pnsd.mscbs.gob.es/profesionales/sistemasInformacion/sistemaInformacion/pdf/EDADES_2017_Informe.pdf.
  • Grubb, A. & Turner, E. (2012). Attribution of blame in rape cases: A review of the impact of rape myth acceptance, gender role conformity and substance use on victim blaming. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17, 443-452. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2012.06.002.
  • Hagemann, C. T., Helland, A., Spigset, O., Espnes, K. A., Ormstad, K. & Schei, B. (2013). Ethanol and drug findings in women consulting a sexual assault center – associations with clinical characteristics and suspicions of drug-facilitated sexual assault. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 20, 777-784. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2013.05.005.
  • Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: Wiley.
  • Hellmann, D. E., Kinninger, M. W. & Kliem, S. (2018). Sexual violence against women in Germany: Prevalence and risk markers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15:1613-1631. doi:10.3390/ijerph15081613.
  • Hughes, K., Quigg, Z., Eckley, L., Bellis, M., Jones, L., Calafat, A.,… van Hasselt, N. (2011). Environmental factors in drinking venues and alcohol-related harm: The evidence base for European intervention. Addiction, 106, 37-46. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03316.x.
  • Koss, M. P., Abbey, A., Campbell, R., Cook, S., Norris, J., Testa, M.,… White, J. (2006). The sexual experiences long form victimization (SES-LFV). Arizona: Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona. Retrieved at http://www.midss.org/content/sexual-experiences-survey-long-form-victimization-ses-lfv.
  • Krebs, C. P., Lindquist, C. H., Warner, T. D., Fisher, B. S. & Martin, S. L. (2007). The campus sexual assault (CSA) study. Washington D.C., United States of America: National Institute of Justice. 111p. Retrieved at https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/221153.pdf.
  • Lawyer, S., Resnick, H., Bakanic, V., Burkett, T. & Kilpatrick, D. (2010). Forcible, drug‑facilitated, and incapacitated rape and sexual assault among undergraduate women. Journal of American College Health, 58, 453-460. doi:10.1080/07448480903540515.
  • Lerner, M. J. (1980). Belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion. Boston: Springer.
  • Littleton, H. & Axsom, D. (2003). Rape and seduction scripts of university students: Implications for rape attributions and unacknowledged rape. Sex Roles, 49, 465-475. doi:10.1023/A:1025824505185.
  • Littleton, H. L., Axsom, D., Breitkopf, C. R. & Berenson, A. (2006). Rape acknowledgment and post-assault experiences: How acknowledgment status relates to disclosure, coping, worldview, and reactions received from others. Violence and Victims, 21, 761-778. doi:10.1891/vv-v21i6a006.
  • Littleton, H., Axsom, D. & Grills-Taquechel, A. (2009). Sexual assault victims’ acknowledgment status and revictimization risk. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 33, 34-42. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.01472.x.
  • Lorenz, K. & Ullman, S. (2016). Alcohol and sexual assault victimization: Research findings and future directions. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 31, 82-94. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2016.08.001.
  • Lynch, K., R., Wasarhaley, N., E., Golding, J. M. & Simcic, T. (2013). Who bought the drinks? Juror perceptions of intoxication in a rape trial. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28, 3205-3222. doi:10.1177/0886260513496900.
  • Margolin, L., Miller, M. & Moran, P. B. (1989). When a kiss is not just a kiss: Relating violations of consent in kissing to rape myth acceptance. Sex Roles, 20, 231-243. doi:10.1007/BF00287721.
  • McMahon, S. (2010). Rape myth beliefs and bystander attitudes among incoming college students. Journal of American College Health, 59, 3-11. doi:10.1080/07448481.2010.483715.
  • McMahon, S. & Farmer, G. L. (2011). An updated measure for assessing subtle rape myths. Social Work Research, 35, 71-81. doi:10.1093/swr/35.2.71.
  • Megías, J. L, Romero-Sánchez, M., Durán, M., Moya, M. & Bohner, G. (2011). Spanish validation of the acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression scale (AMMSA). The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 14, 912-925. doi:10.5209/rev_SJOP.2011.v14.n2.37.
  • Mustaine, E., E. & Tewksbury, R. (2002). Sexual assault of college women: A feminist interpretation of a routine activities analysis. Criminal Justice Review, 27, 89-123. doi:10.1177/073401680202700106.
  • Navarro, E. E. & Vega, C. V. (2013). Drug facilitated sexual assault, detected at the institute of legal medicine of Alicante in the years 2009-2012. Gaceta Internacional de Ciencias Forenses, 8-15.
  • O’Neil, M. & Morgan, P. (2010). American perceptions of sexual violence: A FrameWorks research report. Washington, D.C., United States of America: FrameWorks Institute. 33 p. Retrieved at https://www.frameworksinstitute.org/assets/files/PDF_sexualviolence/AmericanPerceptionsofSexualViolence.pdf.
  • Observatorio Noctambul@s. (2017). 3º informe anual 2015/2016. Barcelona, Spain: Fundación Salud y Comunidad. 118 p. Retrieved at https://www.drogasgenero.info/wp-content/uploads/3er-Informe-Anual-Observatorio-Noctambul@s-2015-2016.pdf.
  • Observatorio Noctambul@s. (2018). 4º informe anual 2016/2017. Barcelona, Spain: Fundación Salud y Comunidad. 106 p. Retrieved at https://www.drogasgenero.info/wp-content/uploads/4InformeNoct_2016-201717.pdf.
  • Olszewski, D. (2008). Sexual assaults facilitated by drugs or alcohol. Lisbon, Portugal: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Adiction. 19 p. Retrieved at http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_50544_EN_TDS_sexual_assault.pdf.
  • Panyella-Carbó, M. N., Agustina, J. R. & Martin-Fumadó, C. (2019). Proactive versus opportunistic drug-facilitated sexual assault: Criminological analysis of sexual crimes facilitated by the use of psychoactive substances from a sample of court decisions. Revista Española De Investigación Criminológica: REIC, 17, 5. Retrieved at https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6877874.
  • Prego-Meleiro, P., Montalvo, G., Quintela-Jorge, O. & García-Ruiz, C. (2020a). Increasing awareness of the severity of female victimization by opportunistic drug-facilitated sexual assault: A new viewpoint. Forensic Science International, 315, 110460. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110460.
  • Prego-Meleiro, P., Montalvo, G., Quintela-Jorge, O. & García-Ruiz C. (2020b). An ecological working framework as a new model for understanding and preventing the victimization of women by drug-facilitated sexual assault. Forensic Science International, 315, 110460. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110438.
  • Relyea, M. & Ullman, S. (2015). Unsupported or turned against: Understanding how two types of negative social reactions to sexual assault relate to post-assault outcomes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 39, 37-52. doi:10.1177/0361684313512610.
  • Resnick, H. S., Walsh, K., Schumacher, J. A., Kilpatrick, D. G. & Acierno, R. (2012). Prior substance abuse and related treatment history reported by recent victims of sexual assault. Addictive Behaviors, 38, 2074-2079. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.12.010.
  • Romero-Sánchez, M. & Megías, J. L. (2010). Alcohol use as a strategy for obtaining non‑consensual sexual relations: Incidence in Spanish university students and relation to rape myths acceptance. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 13, 864-874. doi:10.1017/S1138741600002511.
  • Romo-Avilés, N., García-Carpintero, M. A. & Pavón-Benítez, L. (2019). Not without my mobile phone: Alcohol binge drinking, gender violence and technology in the Spanish culture of intoxication. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 27, 154-164. doi:10.1080/09687637.2019.1585759.
  • Sasson, S. & Paul, L. A. (2014). Labeling acts of sexual violence: What roles do assault characteristics, attitudes, and life experiences play? Behavior and Social Issues, 23, 35-49. doi:10.5210/bsi.v.23i0.5215.
  • Scott-Ham, M. & Burton, F. C. (2005). Toxicological findings in cases of alleged drug-facilitated sexual assault in the United Kingdom over a 3-year period. Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine, 12, 175-186. doi:10.1016/j.jcfm.2005.03.009.
  • Sipsma, E., Carrobles I., Montorio, I. & Everaerd, W. (2000). Sexual aggression against women by men acquaintances: Attitudes and experiences among Spanish university students. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 3, 14-27. doi:10.1017/S1138741600005503.
  • Tyler, K. A., Hoyt, D. R. & Whitbeck, L. B. (1998). Coercive sexual strategies. Violence and Victims, 13, 47.
  • Ullman, S. E. & Filipas, H. (2001). Predictors of PTSD symptom severity and social reactions in sexual assault victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14, 369-389. doi:10.1023/A:1011125220522.
  • Ullman, S. E. & Najdowski, C. J. (2010). Understanding alcohol-related sexual assaults: Characteristics and consequences. Violence and Victims, 25, 29-44. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.25.1.29.
  • Valls, R., Puigvert, L., Melgar, P. & Garcia-Yeste, C. (2016). Breaking the silence at Spanish universities. Violence Against Women, 22, 1519-1539. doi: 10.1177/1077801215627511.
  • Victorian Health Promotion Foundation. (2015). Young Australians’ attitudes to violence against women: Findings from the 2013 National Community Attitudes towards Violence Against Women Survey for respondents 16-24 years. Melbourne, Australia: Author. Retrieved at https://tasa.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/SurveyReport_YoungPeople-attitudes-violence-against-women-1.pdf
  • World Health Organization. (2002). World report on violence and health: Summary. Geneva, Switzerland: Author. 54 p. Retrieved at https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/world_report/en/summary_en.pdf.
  • World Health Organization. (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: Prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. Geneva, Switzerland: Author. 50 p. Retrieved at https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/85239?locale-attribute=es&.
  • World Health Organization, United nations Office on Drugs and Crime & United Nations Development Programme. (2014). Global status report on violence prevention 2014. Geneva, Switzerland: Author. 292 p. Retrieved at https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/status_report/2014/en/.
  • Xifró-Collsamata, A., Pujol-Robinat, A., Barbería-Marcalain, E., Arroyo-Fernández, A., Bertomeu‑Ruiz, A., Montero-Núñez, F. & Medallo-Muñiz, J. (2015). A prospective study of drug-facilitated sexual assault in Barcelona. Medicina Clínica, 144, 403-409. doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2014.11.026.
Data source: Dialnet