Alteraciones endocrinológicas más frecuentes en la adolescencia

  1. Roldán Martín, María Belén
  2. Soriano Guillén, L.
  3. Muñoz Calvo, María Teresa
Revista:
Medicine: Programa de Formación Médica Continuada Acreditado

ISSN: 0304-5412

Año de publicación: 2014

Título del ejemplar: Medicina de la adolescencia: Medicina de la adolescencia

Serie: 11

Número: 61

Páginas: 3588-3604

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.1016/S0304-5412(14)70819-4 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR

Otras publicaciones en: Medicine: Programa de Formación Médica Continuada Acreditado

Resumen

La pubertad es el periodo de transición desde la infancia a la vida adulta y las alteraciones endocrinológicas tienen un especial interés durante esta época de la vida. En muchas ocasiones, los cambios que se producen causan preocupación en los adolescentes y en sus padres y, como consecuencia, los pacientes acuden a las consultas con preguntas variadas. Las alteraciones del crecimiento y desarrollo puberal, así como las variaciones de la normalidad son motivo de una especial atención por nuestra parte. La obesidad constituye un problema de salud pública y las anomalías metabólicas asociadas a insulinorresistencia (diabetes, dislipidemia e hipertensión arterial) pueden estar ya presentes en los adolescentes, siendo necesario realizar el diagnóstico y tratamiento de un síndrome metabólico de forma precoz. También el síndrome de ovario poliquístico y las manifestaciones clínicas del hiperandrogenismo relacionadas con insulinorresistencia son frecuentes en las mujeres adolescentes. Revisaremos estas y otras patologías prevalentes en la edad pediátrica como son la diabetes mellitus tipo 1 y los trastornos tiroideos, haciendo especial referencia a las particularidades de estas entidades durante la adolescencia.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Anyaegbu EI, Dharnidharka VR. Hypertension in the teenager. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2014;61:131-51.
  • Azziz R, Carmina E, Dewailly D, Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Escobar-Morreale HF, Futterweit W. Position statement: criteria for defining polycystic ovary syndrome as a predominantly hyperandrogenic syndrome: an Androgen Excess Society guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:4237-45.
  • Barlow SE. Expert committee recommendations regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity: summary report. Pediatrics. 2007;120Suppl4:S164-S192.
  • Biester T, Blaesig S, Remus K, Aschemeier B, Kordonouri O, Granhall C. Insulin degludec's ultralong pharmacokinetic properties observed in adults are retained in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2014;15:27-33.
  • Binder G. Short stature due to SHOX deficiency: genotype, phenotype, and therapy. Horm Res Paediatr. 2011;75:81-9.
  • Binder G. Growth hormone deficiency: new approaches to the diagnosis. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2011;9Suppl1:535-7.
  • Bueno-Sánchez M, Ramos-Fuentes FJ. Hipocrecimiento disarmónico: displasias esqueléticas. Tratado de pediatría 10ª ed. Madrid: Ergon S.A.; 2011. p. 916-31.
  • Cohen P, Rogol AD, Deal CL, Saenger P, Reiter EO, Ross JL. 2007 ISS Consensus Workshop participants. Consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of children with idiopathic short stature: a summary of the Growth Hormone Research Society, the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society, and the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology Workshop. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:4210-7.
  • Collett-Solberg PF. Update in growth hormone therapy of children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:573-9.
  • Collett-Solberg PF, Misra M; Drug and Therapeutics Committee of the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society. The role of recombinant human insulin like growth factor-I in treating children with short stature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:10-8.
  • Conde Barreiro S, Rodríguez Rigual M, Bueno Lozano G, López Siguero JP, González Pelegrín B, Rodrigo Val MP. Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children in Spain. An Pediatr (Barc). 2014;24. pii: S1695-4033.
  • Cooper DS, Doherty GM, Haugen BR, Kloos RT, Lee SL, Mandel SJ. Revised American Thyroid Association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2009;19:1167-214.
  • D'Adamo E, Santoro N, Caprio S. Metabolic syndrome in pediatrics: old concepts revised, new concepts discussed. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2013;43:114-23.
  • Delemarre EM, Felius B, Delamerrevan de Waal HA. Inducing puberty. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008;159:S9-15.
  • Deligeoroglou E, Karountzos V, Creatsas G. Abnormal uterine bleeding and dysfunctional uterine bleeding in pediatric and adolescent gynecology. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2013;29:74-8.
  • De Vries L, Bulvik S, Phillip M. Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis in children and adolescents: at presentation and during long-term followup. Arch Dis Child. 2009;94:33-7.
  • Dewailly D, Lujan ME, Carmina E, Cedars MI, Laven J, Norman RJ. Definition and significance of polycystic ovarian morphology: a task force report from the Androgen Excess and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Society. Hum Reprod Update. 2014;20(3):334-52
  • Diamanti-Kandarakis E. PCOS in adolescents. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2010;24:173-83.
  • Escobar-Morreale HF, Carmina E, Dewailly D, Gambineri A, Kelestimur F, Moghetti P. Epidemiology, diagnosis and management of hirsutism: a consensus statement by the Androgen Excess and Polycystic Ovary Syn-drome Society. Hum Reprod Update. 2012;18:146-70.
  • Enes Romero P, Martín-Frías M, de Jesús M, Caballero Loscos C, Alonso Blanco M, Barrio Castellanos R. Eficacia del tratamiento con 131I en la enfermedad de Graves pediátrica. An Pediatr (Barc). 2014;80:16-20.
  • Fullerton B, Jeitler K, Seitz M, Horvath K, Berghold A, Siebenhofer A. Intensive glucose control versus conventional glucose control for type 1 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;14;2:CD009122.
  • Granada C, Omar H, Loveless MB. Update on adolescent gynecology. Adolesc Med State Art Rev. 2013;24:133-54
  • Gharib H, Papini E, Paschke R, Duick DS, Valcavi R, Hegedüs L. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, Associazione Medici Endocrinologi, and EuropeanThyroid Association Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Nodules. Endocr Pract. 2010; 16 Suppl1:1-43.
  • Hardy TS, Norman RJ. Diagnosis of adolescent polycystic ovary syndrome. Steroids. 2013;78:751-4.
  • Hart R, Doherty DA, Mori T, Huang RC, Norman RJ, Franks S. Extent of metabolic risk in adolescent girls with features of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2011;95:2347-53.
  • Kendall DL, Amin R, Clayton PE. Metformin in the treatment of obese children and adolescents at risk of type 2 diabetes. Paediatr Drugs. 2014;16:13-20.
  • Kim Y, Park H. Does regular exercise without weight loss reduce insulin resistance in children and adolescents? Int J Endocrinol. 2013;2013:402592.
  • Kloos RT, Eng C, Evans DB, Francis GL, Gagel RF. Medullary thyroid cancer: mana-gement guidelines of the American Thyroid Association. Thyroid. 2009;19:565-612.
  • Kwiterovich PO Jr. Recognition and management of dyslipide-mia in children and adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:4200-9.
  • Lazar L, Kalter-Leibovici O, Pertzelan A, Weintrob N, Josefsberg Z, Phillip M. Thyrotoxicosis in prepubertal children compared with pubertal and postpubertal patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:3678-82.
  • Legro RS. Impact of metformin, oral contraceptives, and lifestyle modification on polycystic ovary syndrome in obese adolescent women: do we need a new drug? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:4218-20.
  • Levy-Marchal C, Arslanian S, Cutfield W, Sinaiko A, Druet C, Marcovecchio ML. Insulin Resistance in Children Consensus Conference Group. Insulin resistance in children: consensus, perspective, and future directions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:5189-98.
  • Lifshitz F. Nutrition and growth. J Clin Res Ped Endo. 2009;1: 157-63.
  • Malik FS, Taplin CE. Insulin therapy in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Paediatr Drugs. 2014;16:141-150.
  • Martos-Moreno GA, Kopchick JJ, Argente J. Adipokines in healthy and obese children. An Pediatr (Barc). 2013;78:189 e1-189e15.
  • McCrindle BW, Tyrrell PN, Kavey RE. Will obesity increase the propor-tion of children and adolescents recommended for a statin? Circulation. 2013;128:2162-5.
  • Moreno LA. Obesity in children and adolescents. A critical review. Endocrinol Nutr. 2013;60 Suppl1:7-9.
  • Muñoz Calvo MT, Martín Díaz MJ. Trastornos tiroideos en la infancia y la adolescencia. Pediatría extrahospitalaria. Madrid: Ergon S.A.; 2008. p. 593-600.
  • Oberbach A, Neuhaus J, Inge T, Kirsch K, Schlichting N, Blüher S. Bariatric surgery in severely obese adolescents improves major comorbidities including hyperuricemia. Metabolism. 2014;63:242-9.
  • Ojeda SR, Dubay C, Lomniczi A, Kaidar G, Matagne V, Sandau US. Gene networks and the neuroendocrine regulation of puberty. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2010;324:3-11.
  • Oostdijk W, Grote FK, de Muinck Keizer-Schrama SM, Wit JM. Diagnostic approach in children with short stature. Horm Res. 2009;72:206-17.
  • Palmert MR, Dunkel L. Delayed puberty. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:443-53.
  • Pinilla L, Aguilar E, Dieguez C, Millar RP, Tena-Sempere M. Kisspeptins and reproduction: physiological roles and regulatory mechanisms. Physiol Rev. 2012;92:1235-316.
  • Pozo J, Argente J. Hipocrecimiento armónico. Tratado de pediatría 10ª ed. Madrid: Ergon S.A.; 2011. p. 916-31.
  • Reinehr T. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. World J Diabetes. 2013;4:270-81.
  • Rivkees SA. Graves' disease therapy in children: truth and inevitable consequences. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2007;20: 953-5.
  • Rivkees SA, Mazzaferri EL, Verburg FA, Reiners C, Luster M, Breuer CK. The treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer in children: emphasis on surgical approach and radioactive iodine the-rapy. Endocr Rev. 2011;32:798-826.
  • Roldán Martín B. Nódulos tiroideos en la infancia y la adolescencia. XIX Curso de Formación de Posgrado de la Sociedad Española de Endocrinología Pediátrica: Controversias en Endocrinología Pediátrica. 2013.
  • Silveira LF, Trarbach EB, Latronico AC. Genetics basis for GnRH-dependent pubertal disorders in humans. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2010;324:30-8.
  • Sorensen K, Mouritsen A, Aksglaede L, Hagen CP, Mogensen SS, Juul A. Recent secular trends in pubertal timing: implications for evaluation and diagnosis of precocious puberty. Horm Res Paediatr. 2012;77:137-45.
  • Tamborlane WV, Sikes KA. Insulin therapy in children and adolescents. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2012;41:145-60.
  • Tamborlane WV, Fredrickson LP, Ahern JH. Insulin pump therapy in childhood diabetes mellitus: guidelines for use. Treat Endocrinol. 2003;2:11-21.
  • Williams CE, Creighton SM. Menstrual disorders in adolescents: review of current practice. Horm Res Paediatr. 2012;78:135-43.
  • Wit JM, van Duyvenvoorde HA, Scheltinga SA, de Bruin S, Hafkenscheid L, Kant SG. Genetic analysis of short children with apparent growth hormone insensitivity. Horm Res Paediatr. 2012;77:320-33.
  • Wit JM, Clayton PE, Rogol AD, Savage MO, Saenger PH, Cohen P. Idiopathic short stature: definition, epidemiology, and diagnostic evaluation. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2008;18:89-110.
  • Yildiz BO, Bolour S, Woods K, Moore A, Azziz R. Visually scoring hirsutism. Hum Reprod Update. 2010;16:51-64.
  • Yu CC, Li AM, Chan KO, Chook P, Kam JT, Au CT. Orlistat improves endothelial function in obese adolescents: a randomised trial. J Paediatr Child Health. 2013;49:969-75.
  • Zinman B. Newer insulin analogs: advances in basal insulin replacement. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15Suppl1:6-10.
  • Zimmet P, Alberti KG, Kaufman F, Tajima N, Silink M, Arslanian S. The metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents : an IDF consensus report. Ped Diabetes. 2007;8:299-306.
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet