Caracterización de los riesgos ambientales para la saludpuesta a punto de un SIG en dos distritos del sureste de Madrid

Resumo

This paper presents results obtained from the project "Spatial analysis for health environmental risk. GIS in health applications pilot project (Madrid Health Area 1 in support of the Vallecas Plan)", funded by the Public Health Institute (ISP) of the Madrid State Government and carried out by research staff in the Department of Geography at the University of Alcalá (UAH). The main objective consisted in exploring GIS possibilities as a diagnosis and monitoring tool for the environmental factors impacting on population health. The methodology adopted stood out for its multidisciplinary character and the active participation of both staff from the ISP and the UAH. Both establishment of criteria and information search and collection were carried out in a collaborative manner. Collected data was depurated and integrated in a GIS environment (ArcView 8) by the UAH team. Once the database was structured, it allowed for a preliminary phase of analysis in relation to both the vulnerable elements (population and services) and the areas under exposition to considered risk potential factors. Results show: the content of the multiple layers included in the spatially referenced database, synthetic cartography showing the analysis undertaken, and statistic tables produced after such analysis. An important contribution of the project is the complete and up to date database that allows for estimation of services and people exposed to potential risk sources. These estimations constitute the basis for the diagnose, primary objective of the project. Nevertheless, the most interesting aspect lies in the fact that the implemented GIS is non self-limited to diagnose-related tasks but allows for the utilization of the integrated information from diverse angles, including land planning and management, and monitoring. Examples include: location studies, distribution patterns, trends (change analysis), optimal routing applications, allocation analysis, modeling and simulations.