Ciberacoso entre observadores de un colegio de Colombia

  1. Jesús Redondo Pacheco 1
  2. Cándido José Inglés Saura 2
  3. Esther Rivas Rivero 3
  1. 1 Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana
    info

    Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana

    Medellín, Colombia

    ROR https://ror.org/02dxm8k93

  2. 2 Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche
    info

    Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche

    Elche, España

    ROR https://ror.org/01azzms13

  3. 3 Universidad de Alcalá
    info

    Universidad de Alcalá

    Alcalá de Henares, España

    ROR https://ror.org/04pmn0e78

Revista:
Salud & Sociedad: Latin American Journal on Health & Social Psycology

ISSN: 0718-7475

Any de publicació: 2020

Volum: 11

Número: 1

Tipus: Article

DOI: 10.22199/ISSN.0718-7475-2020-0005 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

Altres publicacions en: Salud & Sociedad: Latin American Journal on Health & Social Psycology

Resum

BACKGROUND. The conceptualization of cyberbullying has progressed from a predominant focus on the bullying-victim dyad, towards a perspective that involves the social context in which it occurs as well as the many roles that students play, including bystanders, thus recognizing the importance of social context from an ecological perspective. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the prevalence of cyberbullying observers, taking into account the age and sex of the participants. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional and exploratory study in a secondary school in Bucaramanga, Colombia. Participants were 236 students aged between 11 and 17 years who completed the Cyberbullying Test by Garaigordobil. RESULTS. 31.8% of the sample expressed having observed one or more cyberbullying behaviors in the last year. Furthermore, no statistically significant differences were found regarding the sex or age of the articipants. CONCLUSIONS. The importance of intervention against cyberbullying is highlighted, considering the role that observers play in this type of behavior

Referències bibliogràfiques

  • Álvarez-García, D., Núñez Pérez, J. C., Álvarez Pérez, L., Dobarro González, A., Rodríguez Pérez, C., & González-Castro, P. (2011). Violencia a través de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación en estudiantes de secundaria. Anales de Psicología, 27(1), 221-230.
  • Anderson, J., Bresnahan, M., & Musatics, C. (2014). Combating weight-based cyberbullying on Facebook with the dissenter effect. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 17(5), 281-286. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2013.0370
  • Angel, N. G. (2019). Análisis bibliográfico de las características y consecuencias de los roles desempeñados en la violencia escolar: agresores, víctimas y observadores. Apuntes de Psicología, 36(3), 181-190. http://www.apuntesdepsicologia.es/index.php/revista/article/download/749/518
  • Aranzales, Y. D., Castaño, J. J., Figueroa, R. A., Jaramillo, S., Landázuri, J. N., Muriel, V., ... & Valencia, K. (2014). Frecuencia de acoso y ciberacoso, y sus formas de presentación en estudiantes de secundaria de colegios públicos de la ciudad de Manizales, 2013. Archivos de Medicina, 14(1), 65-82. https://doi.org/10.30554/archmed.14.1.237.2014
  • Ball, S. (2007). Bystanders and bullying: a summary of research for anti-bullying week. http://www.antibullyingalliance.org.uk/pdf/Bystanders_ and_Bullying.pdf
  • Bartholomew, L. K., Parcel, G. S., Kok, G., Gottlieb, N. H., & Fernandez, M. E. (2011). Planning Health Promotion Programs. An Intervention Mapping Approach (3rd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Bastiaensens, S., Vandebosch, H., Poels, K., Van Cleemput, K., DeSmet, A., & De Bourdeaudhuij, I. (2014). Cyberbullying on social network sites. An experimental study into bystanders' behavioural intentions to help the victim or reinforce the bully. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 259-271. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.036
  • Bastiaensens, S., Pabian, S., Vandebosch, H., Poels, K., Van Cleemput, K., DeSmet, A., et al. (2016). From normative influence to social pressure: how relevant others affect whether bystanders join in cyberbullying. Social Development, 25(1), 193-211. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12134
  • Barlińska, J., Szuster, A., & Winiewski, M. (2013). Cyberbullying among adolescent bystanders: role of the communication medium, form of violence, and empathy. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 23, 37-51. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2137
  • Calatayud, V. G., Espinosa, M. P. P., & Ruiz, C. B. (2020). Investigación sobre adolescentes que son observadores de situaciones de ciberacoso. Revista de Investigación Educativa, 38(1), 259-273. https://doi.org/10.6018/rie.370691
  • Campbell, M. A. (2005). Cyber bullying: An old problem in a new guise? Australian Journal of Guidance & Counseling, 15, 68-76. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/1925/1/1925.pdf
  • Campbell, M. A., Whiteford, C., Duncanson, K., Spears, B., Butler, D., & Slee, P. T. (2020). Cyberbullying bystanders: Gender, grade, and actions among primary and secondary school students in Australia. In Developing Safer Online Environments for Children: Tools and Policies for Combatting Cyber Aggression (pp. 113-129). IGI Global.
  • Carter, M. A. (2013). Third party observers witnessing cyber bullying on social media sites. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 1296-1309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.747
  • Chocarro, E. & Garaigordobil, M. (2019). Bullying y cyberbullying: diferencias de sexo en víctimas, agresores y observadores. Pensamiento Psicológico, 17(2), 57-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javerianacali.ppsi17-2.bcds
  • DeSmet, A., Bastiaensens, S., Van Cleemput, K., Poels, K., Vandebosch, H., Cardon, G., & De Bourdeaudhuij, I. (2016). Deciding whether to look after them, to like it, or leave it: A multidimensional analysis of predictors of positive and negative bystander behavior in cyberbullying among adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 57, 398-415. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.051
  • DeSmet, A., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Walrave, M., & Vandebosch, H. (2019). Associations between bystander reactions to cyberbullying and victims' emotional experiences and mental health. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(10), 648-656. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2019.0031
  • Dehue, F., Bolman, C., & Völlink, T. (2008). Cyberbullying: Youngsters’ experiences and parental perception. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11, 217-223. DOI: 10.1089/cpb.2007.0008
  • Erreygers, S., Pabian, S., Vandebosch, H., & Baillien, E. (2016). Helping behavior among adolescent bystanders of cyberbullying: The role of impulsivity. Learning and Individual Differences, 48, 61-67. DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2016.03.003
  • Festinger, L. (1962). Cognitive dissonance. Scientific American, 207, 93-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1062-93
  • Festl, R., & Quandt, T. (2013). Social relations and cyberbullying: the influence of individual and structural attributes on victimization and perpetration via the internet. Human Communication Research, 39, 101-126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2012.01442.x
  • Fox, J., & Moreland, J. J. (2015). The dark side of social networking sites: an exploration of the relational and psychological stressors associated with Facebook use and affordances. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 168-176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.083
  • Freis, S. D., & Gurung, R. A. R. (2013). A Facebook analysis of helping behavior in online bullying. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 2, 11-19. DOI: 10.1037/a0030239
  • González-Arévalo, B. (2015). Los observadores ante el ciberacoso (cyberbullying). Revista Investigación en la Escuela, 87, 81-90.
  • Garaigordobil, M. (2013). Cyberbullying: Prevalencia en el País Vasco, conexión con variables personales y familiares y programa de prevención e intervención. Revista Digital de la Asociación Convives, 3(1), 45-46.
  • Garaigordobil, M. (2015). Ciberbullying en adolescentes y jóvenes del País Vasco: Cambios con la edad. Anales de psicología, 31(3), 1069-1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.31.3.179151
  • Hayashi, Y., & Tahmasbi, N. (2020). Decision-making process underlying bystanders’ helping cyberbullying victims: A behavioral economic analysis of role of social discounting. Computers in Human Behavior, 104, 106-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.106157
  • Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2012). Cyberbullying: neither an epidemic nor a rarity. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9, 539-543. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2012.706448
  • Huang, Y. Y., & Chou, C. (2010). An analysis of multiple factors of cyberbullying among junior high school students in Taiwan. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 1581-1590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.06.005
  • Kiriakidis, S. P., & Kavoura, A. (2010). Cyberbullying. A review on the literature on harassment through the internet and other electronic means. Family Community Health, 33, 82-93. DOI: 10.1097/FCH.0b013e3181d593e4
  • Kraft, E. (2011). Online Bystanders: Are they the key to preventing cyberbullying. http://www.elementalethics.com/files/Ellen_Kraft_PhD.pdf
  • Lazuras, L., Barkoukis, V., & Tsorbatzoudis, H. (2017). Face-to-face bullying and cyberbullying in adolescents: Trans-contextual effects and role overlap. Technology in Society, 48, 97-101. DOI: 10.1016/j.techsoc.2016.12.001
  • Lenhart, A., Madden, M., Smith, A., Purcell, K., Zickuhr, K., & Rainie, L. (2011). Teens, kindness and cruelty on social network sites. Washington, DC: Pew Research Centre.
  • Li, Q. (2007). Cyberbullying in schools: A research of gender differences. School Psychology International, 72, 157-170. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034306064547
  • Li, Q., & Fung, T. (2012). Predicting student behaviors. Cyberbullies, cybervictims, and bystanders. In Q. Li, D. Cross, & P. K. Smith (Eds.), Cyberbullying in the global playground: Research from international perspectives (pp. 99-114). West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell
  • Macháčková, H., Dedkova, L., Sevcikova, A., & Cerna, A. (2013). Bystanders' support of cyberbullied schoolmates. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 23, 25-36. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2135
  • Macháčková, H. (2020). Bystander reactions to cyberbullying and cyberaggression: individual, contextual, and social factors. Current Opinion in Psychology, 36, 130-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.06.003
  • Menesini, E., Nocentini, A., & Palladino, B. E. (2012). Empowering students against bullying and cyberbullying: evaluation of an italian peer-led model. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 6, 314-321. DOI: 10.4119/UNIBI/ijcv.253
  • Ministerio de Salud. República de Colombia (1993). Resolución 8430 de 1993. https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/DE/DIJ/RESOLUCION-8430-DE-1993.PDF
  • Modecki, K. L., Minchin, J., Harbaugh, A. G., Guerra, N. G., & Runions, K. C. (2014). Bullying prevalence across contexts: a meta-analysis measuring cyber and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55, 602-611. DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.007
  • Moxey, N., & Bussey, K. (2020). Styles of bystander intervention in cyberbullying incidents. International Journal of Bullying Prevention, 2(1), 6-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42380-019-00039-1
  • Niblack, J. E. (2013). Factors that influence bystander behavior in the cyberbully context. Chicago: Wichita State University.
  • Obermaier, M., Fawzi, N., & Koch, T. (2014). Bystanding or standing by? How the number of bystanders affects the intention to intervene in cyberbullying. New Media & Society, 18(8), 1491-1507. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814563519
  • Olenik-Shemesh, D., Heiman, T., & Eden, S. (2015). Bystanders' behavior in cyberbullying episodes: active and passive patterns in the context of personal-socioemotional factors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32(1), 23-48. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515585531
  • Palladino, B. E., Nocentini, A., & Menesini, E. (2012). Online and offline peer led modelsagainst bullying and cyberbullying. Psicothema, 24, 634-639.
  • Panumaporn, J., Hongsanguansri, S., Atsariyasing, W., & Kiatrungrit, K. (2020). Bystanders’ behaviours and associated factors in cyberbullying. General Psychiatry, 33(3), e100187. doi: 10.1136/gpsych-2019-100187
  • Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4(2), 148-169. DOI: 10.1177/1541204006286288
  • Piliavin, J. A., Dovidio, J., Gaertner, S. L., & Clark, R. D. I. (1981). Emergency intervention. New York, NY: Academic Press.
  • Pozzoli, T., Gini, G., & Vieno, A. (2012). The role of individual correlates and class norms in defending and passive bystanding behavior in bullying: a multilevel analysis. Child Development, 83, 1917-1931. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01831.x
  • Price, M., & Dalgleish, J. (2010). Cyberbullying. Experiences, impacts and coping strategies as described by Australian young people. Youth Studies Australia, 29, 51-59.
  • Salmivalli, C. (2010). Bullying and the peer group: A review. Journal of Aggression and Violent Behavior, 115, 112-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2009.08.007
  • Salmivalli, C., Kärnä, A., & Poskiparta, E. (2011). Counteracting bullying in Finland: The KiVa program and its effects on different forms of being bullied. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35, 405-411. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025411407457
  • Sarmiento, A., Herrera-López, M., & Zych, I. (2019). Is cyberbullying a group process? Online and offline bystanders of cyberbullying act as defenders, reinforcers and outsiders. Computers in Human Behavior, 99, 328-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.05.037
  • Slonje, R., & Smith, P. K. (2008). Cyberbullying: Another main type of bullying? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49, 147-154. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00611.x
  • Slonje, R., Smith, P. K., & Frisén, A. (2012). Processes of cyberbullying, and feelings of remorse by bullies: A pilot study. The European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9, 244-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2011.643670
  • Smith, P. K. (2012). Cyberbullying and cyber aggression. In S. R. Jimerson, A. B. Nickerson, M. J. Mayer, & M. J. Furlong (Eds.), Handbook of school violence and school safety: International research and practice (pp. 93-103). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Song, J., & Oh, I. (2018). Factors influencing bystanders' behavioral reactions in cyberbullying situations. Computers in Human Behavior, 78, 273-282. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.10.008
  • Sticca, F., Ruggieri, S., Alsaker, F., & Perren, S. (2013). Longitudinal risk factors for cyberbullying in adolescence. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 23, S52-S67. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2136
  • Tokunaga, R. S. (2010). Following you home from school: a critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 277-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.014
  • Twemlow, S. W., Fonagy, P., Sacco, F. C., Gies, M. L., & Hess, D. (2001). Improving the social and intellectual climate in elementary schools by addressing bully-victim-bystander power struggles. Caring classrooms/intelligent schools: The social emotional education of young children, (pp. 162-181). New York & London: Columbia University.
  • Van Cleemput, K., Vandebosch, H., & Pabian, S. (2014). Personal characteristics and contextual factors that determine “Helping,” “Joining In,” and “Doing Nothing” when witnessing cyberbullying. Aggressive Behavior, 40, 383-396. DOI: 10.1002/ab.21534
  • Vanden Abeele, M., & De Cock, R. (2013). Cyberbullying by mobile phone among adolescents: the role of gender and peer group status. Communications, 38, 107-118. DOI: 10.1515/commun-2013-0006
  • Wegge, D., Pabian, S., & Vandebosch, H. (2012). Cyberpesten bij Vlaamse Adolescenten. Rapport Leeronderzoek Communicatiewetenschappen. Universiteit Antwerpen.
  • Wegge, D., Vandebosch, H., Eggermont, S., & Pabian, S. (2014). Popularity through online harm: the longitudinal associations between cyberbullying and sociometric status in early adolescence. Journal of Early Adolescence, 36(1), 86-107. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431614556351
  • Williams, K. R., & Guerra, N. G. (2007). Prevalence and predictors of internet bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(6), S14-S21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.08.018
  • Wolak, J., Mitchell, K., & Finkelhor, D. (2007). Unwanted and wanted exposure to online pornography in a national sample of youth Internet users. Pediatrics, 119(2), 247-257. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2006-1891
  • Ybarra, M. L., & Mitchell, K. J. (2004). Online aggressor/targets, aggressors, and targets: A comparison of associated youth characteristics. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(7), 1308-1316. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00328.x