Desarrollo de propuesta para la implementación de catastro físico 3D inicial. Caso de estudio en Ecuador

Abstract

The aim of this research is the development of an initial 3D physical cadastre implementation proposal in a pilot area of Riobamba canton (Chimborazo province, Ecuador). As a preliminary step, a diagnosis of the cadastral situation of several Ecuadorian cantons was carried out, of those that facilitated access to their cadastral information, since in Ecuador this type of information is not freely accessible. From this diagnosis, considering the characteristics of the physical, thematic, legal and economic components, it was possible to determine different levels of cadastral development in the analyzed cantons. Subsequently, the generation of an initial 3D cadastral domain model proposal was developed. For this, the current national regulations (Ministerial Agreement 017-20) and the international regulations (ISO 19152 LADM) were considered, since it is intended that the model can be replicated in the different cantons of the country, regardless of their level of cadastral development. The revision of ISO 19152 and the Ecuadorian Cadastral Domain Model, specified in the national regulations, allowed defining the main classes of the proposed model: LA_ Party (owners), LA_RRR (rights, responsibilities, restrictions), LA_BAUnit (administrative unit) and specifically, the LA_SpatialUnit class, which describes the spatial units (parcel, buildings and / or part of buildings), was defined in EC_Parcel (parcel) and in EC_PhysicalPropertyObject (building block). In turn, for the latter, the subclass EC_StructuralComponent was defined, which describes the structural component of buildings. The model proposal was completed with the specification of code list and associations between classes. The model was applied in the selected study area, following three methodological phases. The first phase was the acquisition and processing of cadastral data available in the canton; in a second phase, a database that integrated geographic and alphanumeric information of cadastral objects was generated, based on the initial 3D cadastral domain model, and in the third, a three-dimensional representation of cadastral physical objects was carried out. Finally, to demonstrate the interest and wide possibilities that the 3D cadastre can offer in the field of land management and planning, an analysis of the vulnerability of buildings to natural hazards (volcanic, seismic and flood hazards) was developed, based on the structural characteristics of the cadastral physical objects, and applying the methodology developed by the Secretaría Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos of Ecuador (SNGR 2011). The research has shown how most of the analyzed cadastral systems are still at an intermediate level in terms of their implementation of a desirable 3D cadastral model. An outstanding result has been the proposal of an initial 3D cadastral domain model, which can be replicated in the different cantons and, of course, be the starting point for future developments of the 3D cadastre in the country. The implementation of the initial 3D cadastral domain model, in the study area, involved the generation of a database considering the four main classes (LA_Party, LA_RRR, LA_BAUnit and LA_SpatialUnit), as well as the visualization at the level of detail 1 of the buildings in the pilot area of the canton Riobamba. The determination of their structural vulnerability to natural hazards, through the generation of numerical indices and their three-dimensional visualization, completes the set of results of this research. The identification of the limitations that the Ecuadorian cadastral system currently presents allowed to make viable the proposal of the initial 3D cadastral domain model; a model that could be a reference for countries with similar conditions and limitations to adapt international regulations such as ISO 19152 LADM to take the first steps in the development of a 3D cadastre. The implementation of a proposal such as the one listed here can benefit various areas of the Ecuadorian local administration, by providing efficiency in the management of their information, in this case, the cadastral information. It facilitates its monitoring and updating, reducing times and resource needs and, therefore, increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of existing processes. In turn, local entities are provided with accurate, up-to-date, detailed information that can be extremely useful to support planning and management tasks in their respective territories.