Cáncer de próstata

  1. Nalda Ariza, I. 1
  2. Peñas Pita da Veiga, M. 1
  3. Bernier García, L. 1
  4. Sánchez Cendra, C. 1
  5. Cassinello Espinosa, J. 1
  1. 1 Unidad de Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, España
Journal:
Medicine: Programa de Formación Médica Continuada Acreditado

ISSN: 0304-5412

Year of publication: 2021

Issue Title: Enfermedades oncológicas (III) Tumores genitourinarios

Series: 13

Issue: 26

Pages: 1454-1466

Type: Article

DOI: 10.1016/J.MED.2021.02.013 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR

More publications in: Medicine: Programa de Formación Médica Continuada Acreditado

Sustainable development goals

Abstract

Prostate cancer is the leading malignancy in men and the second most deadly. Age is the main risk factor for the development of the disease, with an average age at diagnosis of 66 years and an increase in incidence from the age of 55. The prognosis of prostate cancer depends on the stage at diagnosis, with localised disease occurring in up to 80% of cases. However, up to 20%-30% of patients will have recurrent disease. The determining factors for staging and risk stratification in prostate cancer are the extent of disease, Gleason grade and PSA levels. PSA level is also the main screening tool. Tumours confined to the prostate gland are usually treated by radical surgical and radiotherapy-based techniques, always requiring a multidisciplinary approach. Treatment in advanced stages is based in androgen deprivation therapies with androgen-receptor signalling inhibitors abiraterone and enzalutamide, as well as treatment with docetaxel, cabazitaxel and radium-223.

Bibliographic References

  • Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2019. CA Cancer J Clin. 2019;69(1):7-34. doi:10.3322/caac.21551
  • Herget KA, Patel DP, Hanson HA, Sweeney C, Lowrance WT. Recent decline in prostate cancer incidence in the United States, by age, stage, and Gleason score. Cancer Med. 2016;5(1):136-41. doi:10.1002/cam4.549
  • Bell KJ, Del Mar C, Wright G, Dickinson J, Glasziou P. Prevalence of incidental prostate cancer: A systematic review of autopsy studies. Int J Cancer. 2015;137(7):1749-57.
  • Hemminki K. Familial risk and familial survival in prostate cancer. World J Urol. 2012;30(2):143-8. doi:10.1007/s00345-011-0801-1
  • Lynch HT, Kosoko-Lasaki O, Leslie SW, Rendell M, Shaw T, Snyder C, et al. Screening for familial and hereditary prostate cancer. Int J Cancer. 2016;138(11):2579-91. doi:10.1002/ijc.29949
  • Tan DS, Mok TS, Rebbeck TR. Cancer genomics: diversity and disparity across ethnicity and geography. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(1):91-101. doi:10.1200/JCO.2015.62.0096
  • Esposito K, Chiodini P, Capuano A, Bellastella G, Maiorino MI, Parretta E, et al. Effect of metabolic syndrome and its components on prostate cancer risk: meta-analysis. J Endocrinol Invest. 2013;36(2):132-9. doi: 10.1007/BF0334674803
  • Dickerman BA, Markt SC, Koskenvuo M, Pukkala E, Mucci LA, Kaprio J. Alcohol intake, drinking patterns, and prostate cancer risk and mortality: a 30-year prospective cohort study of Finnish twins. Cancer Causes Control. 2016;27(9):1049-58. doi:10.1007/s10552-016-0778-6
  • Cornford P, Bellmunt J, Bolla M, Briers E, De Santis M, Gross T, et al. EAU-ESTRO-SIOG Guidelines on Prostate Cancer. Part II: treatment of relapsing, metastatic, and castration resistant prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2017; 71:630e642.
  • Kirby M, Hirst C, Crawford ED. Characterising the castration resistant prostate cancer population: a systematic review. Int J Clin Pract. 2011;65(11):1180-92. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02799
  • National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN guidelines: prostate ancer. 2020.
  • De Marzo AM, Nelson WG, Isaacs WB, Epstein JI. Pathological and molecular aspects of prostate cancer. Lancet. 2003;361(9361):955-64. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12779-1
  • Epstein JI. An update of the Gleason grading system. J Urol. 2010; 183(2):433-40. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2009.10.046
  • Rubin MA, Maher CA, Chinnaiyan AM. Common gene rearrangements in prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(27):3659-68. doi:10.1200/JCO.2011.35.1916
  • Pritchard CC, Mateo J, Walsh MF, De Sarkar N, Abida W, et al. Inherited DNA-repair gene mutations in men with metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(5):443-53. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1603144
  • Okotie OT, Roehl KA, Han M, Loeb S, Gashti SN, Catalona WJ. Characteristics of prostate cancer detected by digital rectal examination only. Urology. 2007;70(6):1117-20. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2007.07.019
  • Catalona WJ, Richie JP, Ahmann FR, Hudson MA, Scardino PT, et al. Comparison of digital rectal examination and serum prostate specific antigen in the early detection of prostate cancer: results of a multicenter clinical trial of 6,630 men. J Urol. 1994;151(5):1283-90. doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)35233-3
  • Bratan F, Niaf E, Melodelima C, Chesnais AL, Souchon R, Mège-Leche-vallier F, et al. Influence of imaging and histological factors on prostate cancer detection and localisation on multiparametric MRI: a prospective study. Eur Radiol. 2013;23(7):2019-29. doi:10.1007/s00330-013-2795-0
  • Parker C, Castro E, Fizazi K, Heidenreich A, Ost P, Procopio G, et al. Prostate cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2020;31(9):1119-34. doi: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.06.011
  • Brierley JD, Gospodarowicz MK, Wittekind C, eds. TNM classification of malignant tumors. UICC International Union Against Cancer. 8th ed. Willey Blackwell; 2017.
  • D’Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB, Fondurulia J, Chen MH, Tomaszewski JE, et al. The combination of preoperative prostate specific antigen and postoperative pathological findings to predict prostate specific antigen outcome in clinically localized prostate cancer. J Urol. 1998;160(6 Pt 1):2096-2101. doi:10.1097/00005392-199812010-00041
  • Cooperberg MR, Cowan JE, Hilton JF, Reese AC, Zaid HB, Porten SP, et al. Outcomes of active surveillance for men with intermediate risk prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(2):228-34. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010. 31.4252
  • Albertsen PC. Observational studies and the natural history of screen detected prostate cancer. Curr Opin Urol. 2015;25(3):232-7. doi: 10.1097/MOU.0000000000000157. PMID: 25692723.
  • Coelho RF, Rocco B, Patel MB, Orvieto MA, Chauhan S, Ficarra V, et al. Retropubic, laparoscopic, and robot assisted radical prostatectomy: a critical review of outcomes reported by high volume centers. J Endourol. 2010;24(12):2003-2015. doi:10.1089/end.2010.0295
  • Fossati N, Willemse PM, Van den Broeck T, van den Bergh RCN, Yuan CY, Briers E, et al. The benefits and harms of different extents of lymph node dissection during radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer: a systematic review. Eur Urol. 2017;72(1):84-109. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2016.12.003
  • Zapatero A, Valcárcel F, Calvo FA, Algás R, Béjar A, Maldonado J, et al. Risk adapted androgen deprivation and escalated three dimensional conformal radiotherapy for prostate cancer: ¿Does radiation dose influence outcome of patients treated with adjuvant androgen deprivation? A GICOR study. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(27):6561-8. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.09.662
  • Zapatero A, Guerrero A, Maldonado X, Alvarez A, González San Segundo C, Cabeza Rodríguez MA, et al. Highdose radiotherapy with short term or longterm androgen deprivation in localised prostate cancer (DART01/05 GICOR): a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(3):320-7 [correcciones en Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(6):e262].
  • Bolla M, Maingon P, Carrie C, Villa S, Kitsios P, Poortmans PM, et al. Short androgen suppression and radiation dose escalation for intermediate- and high risk localized prostate cancer: results of EORTC Trial 22991. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(15):1748-56. doi:10.1200/JCO.2015.64.8055
  • Martens C, Pond G, Webster D, McLean M, Gillan C, Crook J. Relation-ship of the International Prostate Symptom score with urinary flow studies, and catheterization rates following 125I prostate brachytherapy. Brachytherapy. 2006;5(1):9-13. doi:10.1016/j.brachy.2005.12.002
  • Matzinger O, Duclos F, van den Bergh A, Carrie C, Villà S, Kitsios P, et al. Acute toxicity of curative radiotherapy for intermediate and high risk localised prostate cancer in the EORTC trial 22991. Eur J Cancer. 2009;45(16):2825-34. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2009.07.009
  • Hamdy FC, Donovan JL, Lane JA, Mason M, Metcalfe C, Hol-ding P, et al. 10-year outcomes after monitoring, surgery, or radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2016; 375(15):1415-24. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1606220
  • Stamey TA, Kabalin JN, McNeal JE, Johnstone IM, Freiha F, Redwine EA, et al. Prostate specific antigen in the diagnosis and treatment of adenocarcinoma of the prostate. II. Radical prostatectomy treated patients. J Urol. 1989;141(5):1076-83. doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)41175-x
  • Ray ME, Thames HD, Levy LB, Horwitz EM, Kupelian PA, Martínez AA, et al. PSA nadir predicts biochemical and distant failures after external beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer: a multiinstitutional analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64(4):1140-50. doi:10.1016/j.ijro-bp.2005.07.006
  • Huggins C, Hodges CV. Studies on prostatic cancer. I. The effect of castration, of estrogen and of androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. 1941. J Urol. 2002;167(2 Pt 2):948-52.
  • Maximum androgen blockade in advanced prostate cancer: an overview of the randomised trials. Prostate Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group. Lancet. 2000;355(9214):1491-8.
  • Crook JM, O’Callaghan CJ, Duncan G, Dearnaley DP, Higano CS, Hor-witz EM, et al. Intermittent androgen suppression for rising PSA level after radiotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(10):895-903. [correcciones en N Engl J Med. 2012;367(23):2262].
  • Niraula S, Le LW, Tannock IF. Treatment of prostate cancer with intermittent versus continuous androgen deprivation: a systematic review of randomized trials. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(16):2029-36. doi:10.1200/JCO.2012.46.5492
  • Sweeney CJ, Chen YH, Carducci M, Liu G, Jarrard DF, Eisen-berger M, et al. Chemohormonal therapy in metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:737-46.
  • Kyriakopoulos CE, Chen YH, Carducci MA, Liu G, Jarrard DF, Hahn NM, et al. Chemohormonal therapy in metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer: long term survival analysis of the randomized phase III E3805 CHAARTED Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(11):1080-7. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2017.75.3657
  • James ND, Sydes MR, Clarke NW, Mason MD, Dearnaley DP, Spears MR, et al. Addition of docetaxel, zoledronic acid, or both to firstline long term hormone therapy in prostate cancer (STAMPEDE): Survival results from an adaptive, multiarm, multistage, platform randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;387:1163-77.
  • Clarke NW, Ali A, Ingleby FC, Hoyle A, Amos CL, Attard G, et al. Addition of docetaxel to hormonal therapy in low and high-burden metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer: long term survival results from the STAMPEDE trial. Ann Oncol. 2019;30(12):1992-2003. [published correction appears in Ann Oncol. 2020;31(3):442].
  • Fizazi K, Faivre L, Lesaunier F, Delva R, Gravis G, Rolland F, et al. An-drogen deprivation therapy plus docetaxel and estramustine versus androgen deprivation therapy alone for high-risk localised prostate cancer (GETUG 12): a phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(7):787-94. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00011-X
  • Vale CL, Burdett S, Rydzewska LHM, Albiges L, Clarke NW, Fisher D, et al. Addition of docetaxel or bisphosphonates to standard of care in men with localised or metastatic, hormone sensitive prostate cancer: A systematic review and metaanalyses of aggregate data. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17:243-56.
  • Zytiga®. European Public Assessment Report (EPAR, EMA). Disponible en: www.ema.europa.eu
  • Fizazi K, Tran N, Fein L, Matsubara N, Rodriguez-Antolin A, Alekseev BY, et al. Abiraterone plus prednisone in metastatic, castration sensitive prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(4):352-60. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1704174
  • Fizazi K, Tran, N. Fein, L Matsubara, N, Rodríguez-Antolin A, Alekseev BY, Özgürog ̆ lu M, et al. Abiraterone acetate plus prednisone in patients with newly diagnosed high risk metastatic castration sensitive prostate cancer (LATITUDE): final overall survival analysis of a randomised, double blind, phase 3 trial. The Lancet Oncology. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(19)30082-8.
  • James ND, de Bono JS, Spears MR, Clarke NW, Mason MD, Dearnaley DP, et al. Abiraterone for prostate cancer not previously treated with hormone therapy. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(4):338-51. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa 1702900
  • Armstrong AJ, Szmulewitz RZ, Petrylak DP, Holzbeierlein J, Villers A, Azad A, et al. ARCHES: a randomized, phase III study of androgen deprivation therapy with enzalutamide or placebo in men with metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37:2974e2986.
  • Davis ID, Martin AJ, Stockler MR, Begbie S, Chi KN, Chowd-hury S, et al. Enzalutamide with standard first line therapy in metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:121e31.
  • Chi KN, Agarwal N, Bjartell A, Chung BH, Pereira de Santana Gomes AJ, et al. Apalutamide for metastatic, castration sensitive prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:13e24.
  • Hussain M, Fizazi K, Saad F, Rathenborg P, Shore N, Ferreira U, et al. Enzalutamide in men with nonmetastatic, castration resistant prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(26):2465-74. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa180053603
  • Sternberg CN, Fizazi K, Saad F, Shore ND, De Giorgi U, Penson DF, et al. Enzalutamide and survival in nonmetastatic, castration resistant prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(23):2197-206. doi:10.1056/NEJ-Moa2003892
  • Smith MR, Saad F, Chowdhury S, Oudard S, Hadaschik BA, Graff JN, et al. Apalutamide treatment and metastasis free survival in prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(15):1408-18. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1715546
  • Small EJ, Saad F, Chowdhury S, Oudard S, Hadaschik BA, Graff JN, et al. Final survival results from SPARTAN, a phase III study of apalutamide (APA) versus placebo (PBO) in patients (pts) with nonmetastatic castra-tion resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC). J Clin Oncol. 2020;38:5516. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2020.38.15_suppl.5516
  • Fizazi K, Shore N, Tammela TL, Ulys A, Vjaters E, Polyakov S, et al. Darolutamide in nonmetastatic, castration resistant prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(13):1235-46. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa 1815671
  • Tannock IF, de Wit R, Berry WR, Horti J, Pluzanska A, Chi KN, et al. Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(15):1502-12. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa 040720
  • Berthold DR, Pond GR, Soban F, de Wit R, Eisenberger M, Tannock IF. Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer: updated survival in the TAX 327 study. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(2):242-5. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007. 12.4008
  • de Bono JS, Oudard S, Ozguroglu M, Hansen S, Machiels JP, Kocak I, et al. Prednisone plus cabazitaxel or mitoxantrone for metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer progressing after docetaxel treatment: a randomised open label trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9747): 1147-54. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61389-X
  • Oudard S, Fizazi K, Sengeløv L, Daugaard G, Saad F, Hansen S, et al. Cabazitaxel versus docetaxel as firstline therapy for patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer: a randomized phase III Trial-FIRSTANA. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(28):3189-97. doi:10.1200/JCO.2016. 72.1068
  • de Wit R, de Bono J, Sternberg CN, Fizazi K, Tombal B, Wülfing C, et al. Cabazitaxel versus abiraterone or enzalutamide in metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(26):2506-18. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa 1911206
  • de Bono JS, Logothetis CJ, Molina A, Fizazi K, North S, Chu L, et al. Abiraterone and increased survival in metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(21):1995-2005. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1014618
  • Ryan CJ, Smith MR, de Bono JS, Molina A, Logothetis CJ, de Souza P, et al. Abiraterone in metastatic prostate cancer without previous chemothe-rapy. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(2):138-48. [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2013;368(6):584].
  • Ryan CJ, Smith MR, Fizazi K, Saad F, Mulders PF, Sternberg CN, et al. Abiraterone acetate plus prednisone versus placebo plus prednisone in chemotherapynaive men with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (COU-AA-302): final overall survival analysis of a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(2):152-60. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(14)71205-7
  • Scher HI, Fizazi K, Saad F, Taplin ME, Sternberg CN, Miller K, et al. Increased survival with enzalutamide in prostate cancer after chemotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(13):1187-97. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1207506
  • Beer TM, Armstrong AJ, Rathkopf DE, Loriot Y, Sternberg CN, Higano CS, et al. Enzalutamide in metastatic prostate cancer before chemotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(5):424-33. doi:10.1056/NE-JMoa1405095
  • Antonarakis ES, Lu C, Luber B, Wang H, Chen Y, Nakazawa M, et al. Androgen receptor splice variant 7 and efficacy of taxane chemotherapy in patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2015;1(5):582-91. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.1341
  • Kantoff PW, Higano CS, Shore ND, Berger ER, Small EJ, Penson DF, et al. Sipuleucel-T immunotherapy for castration resistant prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(5):411-22. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1001294
  • Parker C, Nilsson S, Heinrich D, Helle SI, O’Sullivan JM, Fosså SD, et al. Alpha emitter radium-223 and survival in metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(3):213-23. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1213755
  • de Bono J, Mateo J, Fizazi K, Saad F, Shore N, Sandhu S, et al. Olaparib for metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382(22):2091-102. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1911440
  • de Bono J, Mateo J, Fizazi K, Saad F, Shore N, Sandhu S, et al. Final overall survival (OS) analysis of PROfound: Olaparib vs physician’s choice of enzalutamide or abiraterone in patients (pts) with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) and homologous recombination repair (HRR) gene alterations. Ann Oncol. 2020;31Suppl4:S507-S549.
Data source: Dialnet